Selectors
= Index DOT Css by Brian Wilson =

What Is A Selector?

When a style sheet is abstracted from the document tree it applies to (as it is with Embedded and External style sheets), a method is needed to connect style statements to items in the document tree. In the CSS Rule-Set syntax, a 'Selector' is used to specify the portion of the document tree that the style declaration that follows will be attached to.

A Selector is the portion of a Rule-Set that comes before the style Declaration Block embedded within curly braces ('{' and '}'.) Selector syntax in CSS2 can look for matches using five different contexts: elements, attributes, special HTML attributes, Pseudo-Classes and Pseudo-Elements.

The granularity and power that the CSS2 Selector syntax allows gives an author tremendous power, but much of this has not been implemented by the popular browsers. The Selector syntax specified in CSS1 is the norm, but is more limited. Many of the new capabilities in CSS2 help generalize the Selector syntax to make it more flexible with non-specific markup languages like XML. While the expanded syntax is not yet supported, it should not be too long before it is added to CSS-capable browsers.

Syntax

A Selector is composed of a series of one or more selector components separated by spaces and/or the ">" and "+" selector combining symbols. The components of a selector are described and linked below.

Selector Component = ("*" | [Element Selector])? ([Attribute Selector] | [ID Selector] | [Class Selector] | [Pseudo-Class] | [Pseudo-Element])*

Selector Grouping

[CSS1|CSS2|CSS2.1] [IE3|N4|O3.5|S1]

A Declaration block may be assigned to multiple Selectors by separating the Selectors with commas.

Example
h1 { color: green } h2 { color: green } h3 { color: green }		Becomes =>		h1, h2, h3 { color: green; }

Selector Types

[CSS1|CSS2|CSS3] [IE3|N4|O3.5]

Element Selectors
Namespace Selector		[Prefix]|[Elem1]		Matches Elem1 with the [Prefix] namespace prefix
Universal Selector		"*"		Matches any element
Simple Element Selector		[Elem]		Matches specified Element name
Descendent Selectors		[Elem1] S+ [Elem2]		Elem1 is the direct or indirect ancestor of Elem2
Child Selectors		[Elem1] ">" [Elem2]		Elem1 is the direct parent of Elem2
Adjacent Selectors		[Elem1] "+" [Elem2]		Elem1 and Elem2 share the same direct parent AND are next to each other in the document tree
Attribute Selectors
Simple Attribute Selector		[Attr] or Elem[Attr]		Matches all elements with the specified attribute or all 'Elem's with the specified attribute
Attribute Value Selector		[Attr="value"] or Elem[Attr="value"]		Matches all elements that exactly match the specified attribute/value or all 'Elem's with the specified attribute/value
"Begins-with" Attribute Value Selector		[Attr^="value"] or Elem[Attr^="value"]		Matches all elements with the specified attribute that BEGIN with the specified value. This selector would match attribute values that are equal to it as well as to longer values of which it is a substring.
"Ends-with" Attribute Value Selector		[Attr$="value"] or Elem[Attr$="value"]		Matches all elements with the specified attribute that END with the specified value. This selector would match attribute values that are equal to it as well as to longer values of which it is a substring.
Substring-match Attribute Value Selector		[Attr*="value"] or Elem[Attr*="value"]		Matches all element/attribute combinations that have at least one occurrence of the indicated value as a substring.
One-of-many Attribute Value Selector		[Attr~="value"] or Elem[Attr~="value"]		Allows a portion of an attribute value to be exactly matched where the portions are separated by spaces.
Hyphen Attribute Value Selector		[Attr|="value"] or Elem[Attr|="value"]		The attribute value is a hyphen-separated list and begins with "value"
Namespace Attribute Selector		[Prefix|Attr="value"] or Elem[Prefix|Attr="value"]		The attribute is in the specified Namespace prefix.
Special HTML Selectors
Class Selector		.[Class Name]		Matches elements with CLASS attributes carrying a [Class Name] value
ID Selector		#[ID Name]		Matches the element carrying the unique ID attribute value of [ID Name]
Pseudo-Class Selectors
Link		A:link		Applies to an unvisited hyperlink
Visited		A:visited		Applies to a visited hyperlink
First-child		[Elem]:first-child		Applies to the first child/descendent of an element
Active		[Elem]:active		The state during pointer activation ( eg: press and release of a mouse)
Hover		[Elem]:hover		The state during pointer movement within the rendering region of an element
Focus		[Elem]:focus		The state during which an element accepts keyboard input
Lang		[Elem]:lang([Code])		The selector content uses the specified language
Pseudo-Element Selectors
Before		[Elem]:before		Addresses content that is generated before an element
After		[Elem]:after		Addresses content that is generated after an element
First-letter		[Elem]:first-letter		Indicates the first rendered letter/character for a block-level element
First-line		[Elem]:first-line		Indicates the first rendered line on the output device of a block-level element

• Selectors are only case-sensitive if the document language is also case-sensitive (eg: HTML: not case-sensitive, XML: case-sensitive)
• ID selectors have a higher cascade specificity than an equivalent attribute selector (eg: the selector '#foo' has a higher specificity than '*[id="foo"]'

• Internet Explorer

  3.0:

  - Unsupported IE3 element names cause problems with selector grouping. Style rules will not be applied to any IE3-valid element types listed before invalid types. Element types listed AFTER the IE3-invalid element type will have CSS rules applied appropriately. Suggestion: List IE3-invalid element types FIRST in the style grouping.